| TABLE 1: INSTRUMENTATION ABOARD THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON'S CONVAIR C-131A AIRCRAFT FOR TARFOX (ALL MEASUREMENTS WERE CONTINUOUS UNLESS INDICATED OTHERWISE) | |||
| Latitude and longitude, ground speed and horizontal winds | VLF: Omega navigator | Litton LTN-3000 | 0 to 300 m s-1 (± 1 m s-1 ground-speed and ± 1° drift angle) |
| Latitude and longitude, ground speed and horizontal winds | Global positioning system | Trimble TNL-3000 | global |
| True airspeed | Variable capacitance | Rosemount Model 831 BA | 0 to 250 m s-1 (<0.2%) |
| Heading | Gyrocompass | King KCS-55A | 0 to 360° (± 1°) |
| Pressure | Variable capacitance | Rosemount Model 830 BA | 150 to 1100 mb (<0.2%) |
| Altitude above terrain | Radar altimeter | AN/APN22 | 0 to 6 km (< 5%) |
| Aircraft position and course plotter | Derived from VLF/ OMEGA or GPS | In-house | 180 km (1 km) |
| Angle of attack | Potentiometer | Rosemount Model 861 | ± 23° (indicator only) |
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| Total air temperature | Platinum wire resistance | Rosemount Model 102CY2CG and 414 L Bridge | -60 to 40°C (< 0.1°C) |
| Static air temperature | Reverse-flow thermometer | In-house | -60 to 40°C (< 0.5°C) |
| Dew point | Cooled-mirror dew point | Cambridge System Model TH73-244 | -40 to 40°C (< 1°C) |
| Absolute humidity | IR optical hygrometer | Ophir Corp. Model IR-2000 | 0 to 10 g m-3 (~ 5%) |
| Air turbulence | RMS pressure variation | Meteorology Research, Inc. Model 1120 | 0 to 10 cm2/3 s-1 (<10%) |
| UV hemispheric radiation, one upward, one downward | Diffuser, filter photo-cell (0.295 to 0.390 µm) | Eppley Lab. Inc. Model 14042 | 0 to 70 W m-2 (± 3 W m-2) |
| VIS-NIR hemispheric radiation (one downward and one upward viewing) | Eppley thermopile (0.3 to 3 µm) | Eppley Lab. Inc. Model PSP | 0 to 1400 W m-2 (± 10 W m-2) |
| Surface radiative temperature | IR radiometer 1.5° FOV (8 to 14 µm) | Omega Engineering 053701 | -50° to 1000°C ± 0.8% of reading |
| Video image | Forward-looking camera and time code | Sony Hi8 camera | SVHS tape |
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| Number concentration of particles | Water expansion cloud chamber | General Electric Model CNC I | 3.0 to 3×105 cm-3 (particles > 0.01 µm)* |
| Number concentration of particles | Condensation particle counter | TSI Model 3760 | 10-2 to 104 cm-3 (> 0.02 µm) |
| Cloud condensation nucleus spectrometer | Vertical-plate continuous flow Thermal diffusion cloud chamber | In-house | Four super-saturations, between 0.2 and 2% |
| Size spectrum of particles | 90° light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model LAS200 | 0.5 to 11 µm* (15 channels) |
| Size spectrum of particles | Forward light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model FSSP300 | 0.3 to 20 µm* (30 channels) |
| Size spectrum of particles | 35 to 120° light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model ASASP-100X | 0.18 to 3.0 µm (60 channels) |
| Size spectrum of particles | 35 to 120° light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model PCASP-100X | 0.12 to 3.0 µm (15 channels) |
| Size spectrum of particles | Forward light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model FSSP-100 | 2 to 47 µm* (15 channels) |
| Size spectrum of particles | Differential Mobility Particle Sizing Spectrometer (DMPS) | TSI, modified in-house | 0.01 to 0.6 µm (21 channels) |
| Light-scattering coefficient | Integrating 3wavelength nephelometer with backscatter shutter | MS Electron | 1.0 x 10-7 m-1 to 1.0 x 10-3 m-1 for 550 and 700 nm channels, 2.0 x 10-7 m-1 to 1.0 x 10-3 m-1 for 450 nm channel |
| Light-scattering coefficient | Integrating nephelometer | Meteorology Research, Inc. Model 1567 (modified for increased stability and faster response time) | 1.0 x 10-5 m-1 to 2.5 x 10-3 m-1 |
| Light-scattering coefficient | Integrating nephelometer | Radiance Research | 1.0 x 10-6 m-1 to 2.0 x 10-4 m-1 or 1.0 x 10-6 m-1 to 1.0 x 10-3 m-1 |
| Light absorption and graphitic carbon | Particle soot/absorption photometer | Radiance Research | Absorption coefficient: 10-7 to 10-2 m1; Carbon: 0.1 µg m-3 to 10 mg m3 (± 5%) |
| Aerosol-shape asymmetry analyzer | Change in light-scattering with applied electric field | Radiance Research | Detects ~2% deviations from sphericity |
| Graphitic and/or Organic Carbon | Quartz filters Thermal optical technique | T. Novakov (LBL) | 4 to 160 µg
m-3 (± 1.6 µg
m-3) for 1 m³ sample |
| Humidification factor for aerosol light-scattering | Scanning humidigraph | In house (designed and
built by Mark Rood) | bsp (RH) for 30% < or = RH < or = 90% |
| Liquid water content | Hot wire resistance | Johnson-Williams | 0 to 2 and 0 to 6 g m-3 |
| Liquid water content | Hot wire resistance | King/PMS | 0 to 5 g m-3 |
| Liquid water content; particle surface area; effective droplet radius | Optical sensor | Gerber Scientific Inc.
PVM-100A | 0.001-10 g m-3; 5-10,000 cm2 m-3; 270 µm |
| Size spectrum cloud particles | Forward light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems FSSP-100 | 2 to 47 µm* (15 channels) |
| Size spectrum of cloud and precipitation particles | Diode occultation | Particle Measuring Systems OAP-200X | 20 to 310 µm* (15 channels) |
| Images of cloud particles | Diode occultation imaging | Particle Measuring Systems OAP-2D-C | Resolution 25 µm* |
| Images of precipitation particles | Diode imaging | Particle Measuring Systems OAP-2D-P | Resolution 200 µm* |
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| Particulate species SO, NO, Cl-, Na+, K+, NH, Ca++, Mg++ | Teflon filters and ion exchange chromatography | Gelman Dionix | 0.1 to 50 µg m-3 (for 500 liter air sample) |
| SO2 | Pulsed fluorescence | Teco 43S (modified in-house) | 0.1 to 200 ppb |
| Ozone | Chemi-luminescence (C2H4) | Monitor Labs Model 8410 A | 0 to 5 ppmv (< 7 ppb) |
| CO | Infrared correlation spectrometer | Teco Model 141 | 0 to 50 ppmv (~0.1 ppmv) |
| CO2 | Infrared correlation spectrometer | Customized Teco Model 41H | 0 to 1000 ppmv (~4 ppmv) |
| CO2 | Infrared correlation spectrometer | LI-COR Li-6262 | 0 to 300 ppmv (0.2 ppmv at 350 ppmv) |
| Absorption and scattering of solar radiation by clouds and aerosols; reflectivity of surfaces | Thirteen wavelength scanning radiometer | NASA-Goddard/ University of Washington |
13 discrete wavelengths between 0.47 to 2.3 mm or 0.31 to 2.3 mm |
| Optical backscatter | Nd-YAG lidar (dual-wavelength, polarization diversity) | Georgia Tech/ University of Washington | 0 to 15 km (7.5 m resolution) |
| Optical depth spectrum | Six wavelength tracking sunphotometer | NASA Ames | 6 discrete wavelengths between 0.38 and 1.02 mm |
| In-flight data processing and recording | Microcomputer | In-house, based on Motorola MVME-133A technology | -- |
| In-flight data processing and display | Microcomputer | Sun Workstations | -- |
| In-flight color graphics | Microcomputer | In-house, based on Motorola MVME-133A technology | -- |
| Recording (analog voice transcription) | Cassette recorder | -- | |
| Digital printout | Impact printer | EPSON MX-80 | -- |
*All particle sizes refer to maximum particle dimensions.